上消化道大出血诊治原则

2019-06-28 宝典18019934025 考试宝典网

上消化道大出血诊治原则

一、临床表现

1.病情严重程度主要取决于出血的速度和出血量的多少,而出血的部位则是次要的。

2.若出血很急、量很多,则既有呕血,也有便血。由于血液肠内停滞的时间很短,故多为呕吐鲜血;由于肠蠕动过速,便出的血也相当鲜红。

3.若出血不很急,量也不很多,则常为黑便,较少发生呕血。由于血液肠道内停滞的时间较长,经胃肠液的化学作用,呕出的血多呈棕褐色,便出的血多呈柏油样或紫黑色。

二、诊断

1.部位

(1) 食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血:来势很猛,一次出血量常达500~1000ml,常可导致休克。主要表现是呕血。

(2) 胃和十二指肠球部出血(溃疡、出血性或糜烂性胃炎、胃癌):虽很急,但一次出血量一般不超过500ml,并发休克者较少。可以呕血为主,也可以便血为主。非手术疗法多能止血,但日后也仍可再次复发出血。

(3) 十二指肠球部以下出血(胆道出血):量一般不多,一次为200~300ml,很少导致休克。临床表现以便血为主。采用积极的非手术疗法后,出血可暂时停止,但常呈周期性复发,间隔期一般为1~2周。

(4) 出血量的估计



2.综合判断

(1) 病史
消化性溃疡患者进食和服用抑酸药可缓解上腹部疼痛,或既往曾经内镜或X线检查证明有胃十二指肠溃疡。
② 出血性或糜烂性胃炎可有服用破坏胃黏液屏障和损伤胃黏膜的药物,如阿司匹林等非甾体抗炎药物史。

(2) 体检
① 排除来自鼻咽部咽下的血液。
② 如发现有蜘蛛痣、肝掌、腹壁静脉曲张、肝脾肿大、腹水、巩膜黄染等,多可诊断为食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。
③ 肝内胆道出血多有类似胆绞痛的剧烈上腹部疼痛作为前驱症状,右上腹多有不同程度的压痛,甚至可触及肿大的胆囊。
感染性胆道出血,同时伴有寒战、高热,并出现黄疽,这些症状综合在一起,就能明确诊断。

(3) 实验室检查
① 肝功能检查(胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、白蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶)。
② 凝血功能检查(血小板计数、凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原、活化部分凝血活酶时间)。
③ 由于消化道出血丧失的是全血,故在呕血和黑便后,血红蛋白浓度、血细胞比容、红细胞计数的变化不会立即反映出来。
④ 血小板计数在活动性出血后1小时开始升高,白细胞计数在2~5小时后开始增高。
⑤ 3/4的上消化道大出血患者,数小时后血中尿素氮常可升高(>11.9mmol/L).可能与血液在消化道中的分解产物被吸收和低血压导致尿素氮清除率下降有关。血尿素氮/血肌酐比值大于25:1,可能提示出血来自上消化道。
⑥ 氮质血症不仅与上消化道出血量有关,也与肾功能损害严重程度有关。若尿素氮迟迟不能恢复正常,提示肾功能持续受损伤,或继续有活动性出血发生,或血液循环量不足。

3.辅助检查

(1) 鼻胃管或三腔管检查

① 鼻胃管检查

a.可诊断上消化道出血的部位,判定出血的速度。

b.如鼻胃管放至食管与胃交界处(约距门齿40cm),经导管注入少量等渗盐水,轻轻抽吸,如有血液,说明出血来自食管或胃。

c.如导管进入胃中,抽出清亮胃液,表明出血位于胃以下的消化道。

d.如抽出清亮的胆汁,可以排除出血在十二指肠的近端。

鼻胃管检查简单、安全,但并非完全可靠,约10%上消化道出血患者的鼻胃管检查呈阴性。

② 三腔管检查

a.将胃气囊和食管气囊充气压迫胃底和食管下段,用等渗盐水经第三腔将胃内存血冲洗干净。

b.若无再出血,则可认为是食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。

c.若吸出的胃液仍含血液,则以胃十二指肠溃疡或出血性胃炎可能性较大。



(2) 内镜检查
① 早期内镜检查是大多数上消化道出血诊断的首选方法。
② 消化道出血患者收住院后应立即行纤维胃十二指肠镜检查,也可在6~12小时内进行,检查距出血时间越近,诊断阳性率越高。
③ 内镜检查对同时存在两个或两个以上病变者,可确切地区别出真正的出血部位。
④ 检查前以冷盐水洗胃可改善内镜视野。

(3) X线钡餐检查
① 对于没有内镜检查条件、内镜检查未发现或不能确定出血病变时,应在出血停止后36~48小时进行X线钡餐检查。
② 气钡双重对比检查可发现较大的病变如食管静脉曲张、大型溃疡和肿瘤,但较难发现表浅和较小的病变。

(4) 选择性腹腔动脉或肠系膜上动脉造影
内镜检查如未能发现出血病因,尤其是急性出血胃内有大量血块,出血速度每分钟大于0.5ml者,经选择性腹腔动脉或肠系膜上动脉造影可以发现造影剂溢出的部位、血管畸形或肿瘤内血管影像,对急诊手术前定位诊断很有意义。

(5) 核素检查
常用静脉注射99m锝标记的红细胞行腹部扫描,只要出血速度每分钟达0.05~0.1mL,核素就能聚集在血管溢出部位而得以显像,对确定胃肠道出血较敏感,常作为选择性腹腔动脉造影前的筛选手段。

三、处理原则

1.初步处理

(1) 建立两条静脉通道。一条最好是通过颈内静脉或锁骨下静脉途径,以便监测中心静脉压。先滴注平衡盐溶液。同时进行血型鉴定、交叉配血,备足需要的全血或浓缩红细胞。

(2) 留置导尿管观察每小时尿量。

(3) 每15~30分钟测定血压、脉率,结合尿量的观察和中心静脉压的监测,可作为补液方案制定、决策输血速度和量的较可靠指标。

2.病因处理

(1) 消化性溃疡出血
① 抑酸药物如H2受体拮抗剂(西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、法莫替丁)和质子泵抑制剂(奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑、泮托拉唑)。
② 用冷盐水反复洗胃,将血块和胃液洗净,再用去甲肾上腺素2~4mg加生理盐水100ml灌洗;也可注入凝血酶等止血药物。
③ 对于中等量的消化性溃疡出血,也可经内镜用电凝、激光和微波治疗,利用不同形式的高强热能,使小血管闭塞而达到止血目的。
④ 待血压、脉率有所恢复后,应早期手术。
⑤ 手术行胃大部切除术。
⑥ 切除出血的溃疡是防止再出血复发的最可靠方法。
⑦ 出血点缝扎、迷走神经切断加幽门成形术,创伤比胃大部切除术小,适用于年老体弱或合并重要器官功能不全的患者。

(2) 门静脉高压症导致食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血
① 应视肝功能的情况来决定处理方法。
② 对肝功能差的患者(有黄疸、严重腹水或处于肝昏迷前期者),应采用三腔管压迫止血,或应用内镜将凝血酶、乙醇直接注射至曲张静脉处止血。
③ 酌情补充维生素K、凝血酶原复合物。
④ 生长抑素收缩内脏血管,减少门静脉血流,用于控制食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。
⑤ 对肝功能较好、没有黄疸、没有严重腹水的患者,则应积极采取手术治疗。
⑥ 手术方式宜根据门静脉高压病因、肝硬化类型、肝功能分级以及门静脉血流动力学特点选择。
⑦ 手术方式有断流术和分流术两类。

(3) 出血性或糜烂性胃炎
① 绝大多数由非手术治疗止血。
② 药物治疗与治疗消化性溃疡出血大致相同。
③ 介入治疗是将导管尽可能选择性插入出血的动脉,持续灌注血管加压素,速度为每分钟0.2~0.4U,持续12~24小时。
④ 若仍然不能止血,可采用胃大部切除术,或加行选择性迷走神经切断术。
⑤ 由于胃癌导致的大出血,则应根据局部情况行根治性胃大部或全胃切除术。

(4) 胆道出血
① 出血量一般不大,多可经非手术疗法,包括抗感染和止血药物的应用而自止。
② 若出血不能停止,可经肝动脉造影明确出血灶后,行选择性肝动脉栓塞术,约50%的病例可望止血成功。
③ 如能确定出血是来自肝动脉一胆管瘘,尽量靠近出血病灶部位结扎肝动脉,常可获得止血效果。
④ 对部位不明的上消化道大出血,经过积极的初步处理后,急性出血仍不能得到有效控制,血压、脉率仍不稳定者也应早期进行剖腹探查。
⑤ 急诊手术的首要目标是止血,若条件允许,可对原发病进行治愈性手术。

【重点提示】

1.各种常见消化道出血性疾病



2.外科治疗的适应证

① 胃十二指肠溃疡大出血。
② 门静脉高压症引起的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血。
③ 出血性胃炎或应激性溃疡大出血。
④ 胃癌出血。
⑤ 肝内胆道出血。
⑥ 部位不明且难以控制上消化道大出血。

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    2019-08-01 jyzxjiangqin

    上消化道出血的治疗。

    0

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    2019-07-26 jyzxjiangqin

    上消化道大出血诊治。

    0

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    2019-06-30 蜻蜓队长e

    学习了

    0

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    2019-06-30 cmsvly
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