ANN: 外科口罩和棉口罩均不能阻断新冠病毒经患者咳嗽“出逃”

2020-04-12 常路 环球医学

韩国的一项最新研究却显示,外科口罩和棉口罩均不能阻断新冠病毒经患者咳嗽“出逃”。

当前,新冠疫情在世界范围内扩散。为减缓甚至是阻断疫情蔓延,即便是一向拒绝口罩的欧美国家,现如今也越来越多地开始呼吁民众佩戴口罩。然而,韩国的一项最新研究却显示,外科口罩和棉口罩均不能阻断新冠病毒经患者咳嗽“出逃”。

惊呆!外科口罩和棉口罩均不能阻断新冠病毒经患者咳嗽“出逃”

来自韩国的该项研究题为《Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients》,发表在著名医学期刊《Ann Intern Med》。

在该项研究中,为弄清楚一次性外科口罩和纯棉口罩能否有效阻止新冠病毒的传播,研究人员在获得首尔2家医院审查机构批准后,招募了4名新冠肺炎患者,并告知这些患者研究目的。

这4名新冠肺炎患者首先被安排在负压隔离室。随后,研究人员在每个新冠肺炎患者口部前方20 cm处放置一个培养皿(90 mm×15 mm),里面有调配好的缓冲液。接着,按不戴口罩、戴外科口罩、戴棉口罩、再次不戴口罩的顺序,研究人员让每个患者在培养皿上分别咳嗽5次,每5次咳嗽使用一个单独的培养皿,然后会换一个新的培养皿。

除了收集培养皿中的样本之外,研究人员还用无菌棉签分别先后在外科口罩外和内表面以及棉口罩外和内表面上采样。

而最终的研究数据却让人大吃一惊。这4名新冠患者鼻咽和唾液中的中位病毒载量分别为5.66 log copies/mL和4.00 log copies/mL。不戴口罩、戴外科口罩和棉口罩的情况下,培养皿中的中位病毒载量分别为2.56 log copies/mL、2.42 log copies/mL和1.85 log copies/mL。进一步对口罩外和内表面采样检测发现,口罩外表面的所有拭子中,新冠病毒呈阳性,而内表面大多数拭子新冠病毒呈阴性。

因此,研究人员认为,在新冠患者咳嗽的时候,外科口罩和棉口罩均不能有效过滤新冠病毒。

不过,值得注意的是,这项研究并不涉及N95口罩。而且戴口罩是否缩短了新冠患者咳嗽时飞沫的传播距离,仍有待研究。

重要的事情说N遍!勤洗手+保持社交距离莫聚集……

当前,N95口罩是留给最前线的医务人员使用的,外科口罩甚至也是一罩难求,我们很多时候戴的只是普通医用口罩甚至是民用防护口罩。现如今,上述研究却称,连外科口罩都不能有效过滤新冠病毒,这让民众情何以堪?

据悉,标准的医用外科口罩分3层,外层有阻水作用,可防止飞沫进入口罩里面;中层有过滤作用,可阻隔>90%的5μm颗粒;近口鼻的内层用以吸湿。外科口罩为何不能有效阻止新冠病毒呢?研究人员认为可能是气溶胶。因为既往研究发现,外科口罩对直径3.1μm及以下的气溶胶并没有足够的过滤效果。而据估计,当年SARS病毒的大小为0.08~0.14 μm,新冠病毒同样属于冠状病毒,因此,外科口罩不太可能有效过滤新冠病毒。

此外,上述研究还发现,口罩外表面污染比内表面更严重。研究认为原因有二:1、口罩边缘漏气产生的湍流射流可能会污染外表面;2、新冠患者在高速咳嗽过程中产生的含有病毒的小颗粒气溶胶,能穿透口罩。

总之,这项研究提醒我们,一定要勤洗手+保持社交距离莫聚集!

虽然上述研究认为,大部分人戴的外科口罩和棉口罩对阻断新冠病毒效果有限,不过,该戴口罩还是要戴口罩。毕竟在我们以往的经验和实际中,外科口罩是全球医护人员用以避免在医院受到感染的常用“装备”,普通民众戴口罩肯定会有一定的防护作用,但要注意正确地操作和使用。在戴口罩时,民众尽量不要触碰口罩表层!

原始出处:
Seongman Bae, et al .
Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients .Ann Intern Med 2020 Apr 6 .

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    2020-04-12 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

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