大脑植入实验引发伦理关注

2015-06-25 鲁捷 中国科学报

图中展示的深部脑刺激神经技术临床试验旨在治疗帕金森氏症,然而该技术同样会引发棘手的伦理问题。图片来源:LIVING ART ENTERPRISES1980年,一名患大脑麻痹症的11岁男孩的小脑被植入了一个电刺激器,以治疗无意识性肌肉收缩导致的身体扭曲。在设备打开后,这名男孩不规律的肌肉活动随即停止。现在,原来的男孩已经46岁,他脑部的电刺激设备也发生了磨损,然而原来生产该设备的公司却已停产,男



图中展示的深部脑刺激神经技术临床试验旨在治疗帕金森氏症,然而该技术同样会引发棘手的伦理问题。图片来源:LIVING ART ENTERPRISES

1980年,一名患大脑麻痹症的11岁男孩的小脑被植入了一个电刺激器,以治疗无意识性肌肉收缩导致的身体扭曲。在设备打开后,这名男孩不规律的肌肉活动随即停止。

现在,原来的男孩已经46岁,他脑部的电刺激设备也发生了磨损,然而原来生产该设备的公司却已停产,男子最初使用的电极已难以再次获得,美国亚特兰大艾莫利大学神经外科学家、该名患者的主治医生Robert Gross说。

这个事件给神经科学家、外科医师和医疗设备生产商敲响了警钟,预期今年夏天相关方面将会收到国立卫生研究院(NIH)的两轮拨款,届时将有1200万美元被颁发给7~14家机构。这些拨款是首批来自总统巴拉克·奥巴马设立的“使用先进革新型神经技术的人脑研究”(以下简称BRAIN)项目NIH部分的资金,该项目旨在检测相关技术在人体中的疗效。它将有助于扩大侵入性大脑植入设备的临床试验,并增大由这些设备所带来的伦理和现实问题的紧迫感。

最近数十年来,研究人员已经开发了针对抑郁症、帕金森氏症、耳聋以及其他疾病的疗法,这些疗法均要依赖电极向大脑发射信号。但是从实验室研究向临床转移转化却困难重重,近日在马里兰州国家精神卫生研究院(NIMH)召开的BRAIN研讨会集中讨论了扫除其中一些障碍的方法。

例如,在美国当前的法律法规下,研究人员必须从食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)申请一种特免证书才能进行神经刺激设备和人脑—机器交互相关的临床试验。最近几年,FDA已经把证书申请时间从原来的440多天缩减至近几年的100天左右,但在此次研讨会上,一名FDA发言人说,该机构计划今年把证书审批时间缩减至30天以内。“FDA现在也相信人脑—机器交互了,这不能不让人吃惊。”NIMH主任Thomas Insel说。

NIH还计划取消另外一个阻碍改善探索少数通过商业批准的大脑植入性设备新用途的障碍,例如对帕金森氏症患者进行深部脑刺激。FDA研究特免证书经常需要在获得生产商的允许之后才能“解锁”它们的设备测试权限,比如一台设备的刺激频度和模式。Gross说,这样做会让这些公司在决定哪些实验有价值时成为“唯一的仲裁者”。

然而,有了新的BRAIN拨款,NIH将可以在研究人员和仪器公司之间扮演“媒人”的角色,组建出可以就知识产权常见合同、数据共享以及其他可能妨碍谈判的棘手问题达成一致意见的团队。这些措施和其他改变可以让研究人员改善大脑刺激疗法,马里兰州贝塞斯达国立神经疾病和中风研究院中枢神经工程项目主任、上述会议组织者Kip Ludwig说:“事实上,即便是对于特别成功的植入性设备的工作机制,我们也知之甚少,这项基础性研究对于优化现有疗法,或是发现新的治疗指征都很有必要。”

其他领域也面临植入性设备实验难题,如起搏器于心脏病学家和胰岛素泵于内分泌学家。但是加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学生物伦理学家Hank Greely则认为,神经科学家面临更为特殊的挑战。“我们对大脑的认知比对心脏系统和胰岛素系统的认知更少。”他补充说,“尽管用其他植入性设备可能会对人体造成很大损伤,但至少医生不会直接改变患者的性情。”

近期对于深部脑刺激的若干次大型临床试验的失败使此次会议弥漫着压抑情绪。Greely指出,在美国,当受试者因为参与某项临床实验而出现问题时,赞助研究的公司或机构很少会被要求付出医疗代价。“包括我在内,很多研究科学伦理的人都认为这是不对的。”他说。

事实上,如果生产商停业,即便赞助人愿意对接受大脑植入设备的受试者负责,他们也很难有所作为。北卡罗来纳州杜克大学生物工程学家Warren Grill指出,NeuroControl公司生产的植入性设备“自由之手”就是一个显著的例子。这家公司生产的设备可以重新激活因神经性损伤而麻痹的双手,并在1997年经过FDA审批。然而,2001年,为了集中治疗中风患者,该公司放弃了这一技术,后来该公司倒闭,约有250名受试者的植入性设备发生了电线磨损却不能获得替换品。

一些公司为了避免类似情况,在实验开始时就与受试者签订协议,要求在实验结束时取出植入器。“这很不公平。”俄亥俄州克利夫兰医学中心论理学家Paul Ford说。否则,如果研究人员想要确保受试者在实验结束后可以继续受益于植入设备,他们就“必须做好大量前瞻性工作”,艾莫利大学精神病学家Helen Mayberg说。

与会者认为,如果类似的监管、伦理和现实挑战可以被排除,那么新BRAIN拨款将可以促进这一社会急需科技的发展。若如此,他们预测,可刺激神经元放电的无线、灵活以及耐用的植入性设备将触手可及。“考虑到过去20年来手机以及无线电技术取得的巨大进展,我一直很难理解为什么现在我们仍在使用上世纪90年代的技术在人脑中植入刺激器。”Insel说。

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    2015-06-27 slcumt
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    2015-06-27 jiyangfei
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    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

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    2015-06-25 jjzouyan

    神奇

    0

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    2015-06-25 stupidox

    科幻

    0

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