Cell:SunTag之后又来MoonTag,点亮单分子mRNA翻译过程

2019-07-24 十一月 BioArt

对于Ron Vale这个名字,想必大家已有所耳闻,他就是那个“1985年26岁时在一年内发表5篇Cell,其中4篇是第一作者”的超级大牛。

对于Ron Vale这个名字,想必大家已有所耳闻,他就是那个“1985年26岁时在一年内发表5篇Cell,其中4篇是第一作者”的超级大牛。

在2014年,Ron实验室在Cell上再次发文为大家带来一种新颖的蛋白质荧光标记系统,能够显着增强基因表达和荧光成像的信号,该技术被称为“SunTag”。SunTag系统是利用单链可变区片段抗体(Single-chain variable fragment , scFv) 的轻链和重链的表位结合区域融合形成一个单独的多肽,并且这种多肽可以溶解的形式表达在细胞里面,而不像一般的抗体在细胞中不能正确地折叠。scFv抗体可以结合到串联的多肽表位上,与scFv抗体融合的GFP让整个系统可视化,从而达到放大细胞中蛋白质信号的作用。

该技术的研发者Marvin Eric Tanenbaum离开Ron Vale实验室后回到荷兰乌得勒支大学医学中心开始了独立研究,于近日在Cell发文Multi-color Single-Molecule Imaging Uncovers Extensive Heterogeneity in mRNA Decoding,发现了能够以多种颜色标记单个mRNA的新技术MoonTag,为更复杂的mRNA翻译过程以及翻译起始点的选择等方面提供了新颖的技术与理论。

核糖体翻译mRNAs是DNA和mRNA遗传信息编码的关键步骤,翻译过程的调控对于蛋白质组的形成发挥着重要的作用。选择正确的翻译起始位点对于mRNA上哪些区域能够翻译出来非常关键。但翻译起始位点的选择是一个非常复杂的过程,需要观测同一个mRNA上的不同翻译起始的情况。而现有的SunTag技术虽然能够很好地研究单个信号放大的mRNA翻译之后的定位以及动态变化过程,但是对于复杂的翻译起始位点的选择等需要同时观测单个mRNA多重翻译过程则束手无策。

为了解决该问题,作者们根据已有的体外研究发现如纳米抗体这样的单链抗体能够以高亲和性结合线性排列的表位。其中在细胞中具有非常明显的结合能力的抗体表位gp41。gp41是HIV病毒包膜蛋白复合体亚基gp41中15个氨基酸的表位。gp41抗体是123氨基酸的大小的美洲鸵纳米抗体,在体外结合gp41表位的亲和力非常高。在翻译过程中,由于MoonTag加在目的基因的上游,所以MoonTag的表位在目的蛋白之前就已经被合成出来,快速地被同时翻译的MoonTag的纳米抗体结合。联用24xPP7与PP7包膜蛋白的mRNA标记系统,可以在观测mRNA翻译的同时观测mRNA的位置。

除此之外,MoonTag系统与SunTag系统是互不干涉的,因此在分别加上不同的荧光蛋白的情况下也可以细胞中观测两个不同mRNAs的翻译过程。更进一步地,作者们还发现如果想要研究一个mRNA的翻译情况,可以将MoonTag与SunTag系统联用。作者们将MoonTag放在基因的开放阅读框中,而将SunTag放在终止密码子之后。由于有一些核糖体会读过密码子,因此作者们发现虽然SunTag的信号比较弱,但是仍然会存在。该结果表明即使是来自于同一个基因的mRNA,对于终止密码子的读通的敏感程度也不同。因此,MoonTag与SunTag系统联用可以研究单个核糖体对于mRNA的翻译的情况。

为了研究mRNA翻译起始点选择的问题,作者们还建立了一个非常精巧的翻译阅读框报告基因。从翻译起始位点-1翻译出来的是SunTag,翻译起始位点0翻译出的是MoonTag,而翻译起始位点如果是+1则不包括任何一种序列,成为是空阅读框。使用该报告基因可以用于研究核糖体对mRNA翻译起始点的选择。

Tanenbaum研究组的工作对于单分子的翻译过程提供了新的系统,与原有的SunTag系统联用可以实现双色实时mRNA翻译的监控。同时作者们通过建立一系列的报告基因,为转录过程中的一些悬而未解的问题提供了新颖而有效的工具。“眼见为实”,科学家们正在通过一系列的努力,让细胞世界更加形象地可视化、可记录、可探索。

原始出处:
Boersma S1, Khuperkar D1, Verhagen BMP1, et al.Multi-Color Single-Molecule Imaging Uncovers Extensive Heterogeneity in mRNA Decoding.Cell. 2019 Jul 11;178(2):458-472.e19. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 Jun 6.

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    2020-04-20 wwzzly
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    2020-05-14 维他命
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