Nat Med:CAR脱轨!CAR-T治疗意外搞出“CAR-癌细胞”,宾大科学家发现CAR-T治疗后复发的罕见机制

2018-10-07 奇点糕 奇点网

在给一名身患复发/难治性B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)的患者生产CAR-T细胞时,那个本该加到T细胞上,帮助T细胞特异性识别CD19、并抓住癌细胞的CAR(嵌合抗原受体),意外地被加到患者癌变的B细胞上,形成了“CAR-癌细胞”。

我们对CAR-T细胞治疗的认知又要被刷新了。

来自宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的J. Joseph Melenhorst和免疫治疗学大牛Carl H. June团队,在顶级期刊《自然医学》上发表了一个令人震惊的CAR-T细胞治疗后复发的临床案例。

在给一名身患复发/难治性B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)的患者生产CAR-T细胞时,那个本该加到T细胞上,帮助T细胞特异性识别CD19、并抓住癌细胞的CAR(嵌合抗原受体),意外地被加到患者癌变的B细胞上,形成了“CAR-癌细胞”。

更让研究人员震惊的是,加到癌细胞上的CAR会与癌细胞表面的CD19结合,让CAR-T细胞失去了识别癌细胞的靶标。这名患者在接受CAR-T治疗的261天之后,由于“CAR-癌细胞”大量增殖,癌症复发;最终死于与白血病相关的并发症。


J. Joseph Melenhorst

这个研究不仅报告了一个之前从没有遇见过的CAR-T治疗风险;也直接证明了癌症干细胞存在于人体的假说,因为研究人员发现导致患者死亡的CAR-癌细胞,都来自于同一个被编辑的癌细胞。

实际上,这是Carl H. June团队在短短4个月之内报告的第二个罕见CAR-T治疗病例了。

早在今年5月31日,June团队《自然》杂志上发表一篇论文称,他们在给一名患者制作CAR-T时,有一个CAR序列被无意插入到了TET2基因中,导致了该基因功能障碍。

正是这个意外地插入,赋予了这个CAR-T细胞超能力,让它增殖能力更强、抗癌能力更强、活得也更久。最终在这个TET2被插入失活的CAR-T帮助下,那名慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)患者的病情得到了长期的控制,截止论文发稿时,那名患者已经生存了5年。


Carl H. June

与4个月之前的那个78岁的患者相比,本次研究汇报的这名20岁的患者就没那么幸运了。

这名20岁的B-ALL患者,在做完第三次化疗和脐带血移植之后,病情又复发了。走投无路之下,他参与了宾大组织的CAR-T(CTL019)细胞治疗I期临床研究(NCT01626495)。

医务人员从他身上获取T细胞,并制作成CTL019细胞。在接受淋巴清除之后,患者被注射了20亿个T细胞,其中有治疗作用的CTL019细胞有4.8亿个。

CTL019细胞回输的28天之后,患者的病情就完全缓解了,不得不说CAR-T的威力还是很厉害的。

在回输后的第252天,研究人员例行检查患者外周血中CTL019细胞数量的时候,基因测序结果表明,外周血中的CAR在暴增。奇怪的是,当他们用流式细胞技术在外周血中找CAR-T的时候,却没发现CAR-T有增多的迹象。


基因检测CAR里面的4-1BB含量走势;以及流式细胞术检测CAR-T细胞含量走势

血液中检测到了大量的CAR基因,却没有发现CAR-T。这种现象让研究人员感到困惑。

到回输后的261天时,患者疾病突然复发,分析发现导致患者病情复发的癌细胞,90%检测不到CD19。

当研究人员再去检查那些携带CAR的“T细胞”时,他们看到了让他们震惊的结果:那些携带CAR的细胞,竟然不是T细胞,竟然是癌变的B细胞。

反应过来的研究人员迅速制定了新的治疗方案。遗憾的是,他们最后没能阻止“CAR-癌细胞”的脚步,患者最终死于白血病相关的并发症。

携带CAR的癌细胞究竟是从哪里来的?他们与患者的病情复发又是啥关系?

通过给CAR-癌细胞测序,及分析患者一直以来的回输数据,研究人员最终确定,癌变B细胞里的CAR是制作CTL019细胞时意外引入的。而且起始的那个癌细胞里面整合进去了两个CAR,一个在PCCA基因的第18个内含子里,另一个插在NRP1基因下游62.5kb处。不过,这两种不同的插入方式,均没有影响这两个基因的表达。说明,这两种插入方式与患者的癌症复发应该是无关的。

当研究人员回过头在制备好的CTL019细胞里面寻找时,并没有找到有上述两种特征的细胞存在。这表明,初始的“CAR-癌细胞”含量是非常非常少的,以至于现有手段不能检测。

进一步的研究也证实,所有的“CAR-癌细胞”都来拥有同一个祖先。也就是说,患者体内的所有“CAR-癌细胞”都是那唯一一个被编辑的癌变B细胞增殖来的。


CAR基因序列在癌变B细胞中插入的位置

研究人员是先观察到患者体内CAR异常高表达,然后发现CD19阴性的癌细胞大量增殖。这二者之间是否存在什么关系,CTL019的靶标CD19又究竟去哪里了?

之前有研究表明,癌细胞表面的CD19的缺失,可能是CD19发生了突变,或者可变剪切,或者是B细胞受体复核蛋白CD81发生突变导致的。不过,研究人员在患者体内并没有发现上述现象。

这就奇怪了。

更奇怪的是,在mRNA水平居然发现了CD19。这暗示CD19可能还在细胞表面,只是因为某种原因,用流式细胞仪发现不了了。于是研究人员就想到了一种靶向CD19细胞内部分的抗体OTI3B10。通过免疫组织化学染色,研究人员确实发现,在导致患者白血病复发的CD19“阴性”癌细胞上,确实存在CD19。

此时,谜底呼之欲出。大概率是癌细胞表达的CAR与癌细胞表面的CD19自行结合了,把CD19遮住了。为了证实这一猜想,研究人员使用结合CAR和CD19 的两种特异性抗体,结合共聚焦显微技术,发现CAR和CD19确实是在一起的。难怪流式细胞术检测不到细胞表面的CD19。

实际上,不仅流式细胞术难以发现这种CAR-癌细胞,连靶向CD19的CAR-T也难以发现CAR-癌细胞了。也就是说,癌变的B细胞意外获得了对CAR-T的耐药性。


癌变的B细胞自己获得了CAR,随便把CD19遮挡了,

CAR-T没机会识别癌细胞了

为了进一步确定这个结果,研究人员重新人为让癌变的B细胞表达CAR,再次证实癌细胞表达的CAR确实会与自身的CD19结合,阻挡了CAR-T对癌细胞的识别。同时研究人员还证实,这种遮蔽现象不仅仅是CD19特有的,CD22也会出现这种现象。这意味着这种对CAR-T治疗的抗性,可能是所有CAR-T治疗都要面对的问题。

在发现这个现象之后,研究人员迅速分析了全球范围内接受CTL019治疗的所有369例患者的数据,幸运的是,在其他患者体内没有发现这种超级“CAR-癌细胞”的出现。

最后,这个临床案例还让研究人员在人体内证实了一个假说:癌症干细胞假说。因为通过分析所有的数据发现,导致这名患者癌症复发的癌细胞,来自于同一个被意外加上CAR的癌变B细胞。即,一个超级癌细胞就能足以产生致命的癌症。

把5月份的研究和这个研究放在一起看,不难发现CAR-T的制作仍旧充满了不确定。有可能因为分离的T细胞不纯,导致“CAR-癌细胞”出现;也有可能因为脱靶问题,CAR插到了其他的位点。

这些都足以让CAR-T制造企业提高警惕,在插入CAR的时候尽可能地清除癌细胞,降低脱靶效应。

幸或不幸,上述研究都在推动CAR-T变得更好。

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    2019-08-30 liye789132251
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    2019-03-08 仁心济世
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    2018-10-09 yxch36
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    2018-10-09 syscxl
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    2018-10-08 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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