Sci Transl Med:局部化疗携手PD-1抗体治疗,打击肿瘤火力翻倍!

2016-12-30 奇点网 应雨妍 奇点网 应雨妍

随着科学研究的发展,免疫治疗的使用范围越来越广,但是有些“顽固分子”的治疗响应率还是不尽如人意。化疗作为传统的重量级疗法,一直与免疫治疗不和,主要原因在于,化疗会破坏人体免疫系统,科学家怕化疗不但不帮忙,反而添乱。所以免疫治疗如何与化疗结合一直是个棘手的大问题。胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)就是我们上面说的“顽固分子”之一。它对放疗的敏感度不高,对化疗的呢,也需要多种药物、大剂量的冲击,才能取得较好的效果

随着科学研究的发展,免疫治疗的使用范围越来越广,但是有些“顽固分子”的治疗响应率还是不尽如人意。化疗作为传统的重量级疗法,一直与免疫治疗不和,主要原因在于,化疗会破坏人体免疫系统,科学家怕化疗不但不帮忙,反而添乱。所以免疫治疗如何与化疗结合一直是个棘手的大问题。
胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)就是我们上面说的“顽固分子”之一。它对放疗的敏感度不高,对化疗的呢,也需要多种药物、大剂量的冲击,才能取得较好的效果,但是大剂量的化疗药物所带来的不良影响想必大家也都猜得到。而免疫疗法虽然能将患者的生存率从一年多提高到五年,但是显然大家还希望有更多的突破,于是就有研究人员盯上了“化疗+免疫治疗”这个联合疗法。



胶质母细胞瘤患者的脑组织

等等,不是说化疗会添乱吗?怎么结合呢?这个问题,约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的研究人员们是这样想的,既然全身化疗对免疫系统伤害比较大,那局部化疗会不会好点儿?于是他们做了一系列的研究,结果证明,这个结合不但没有让化疗拖后腿,还让存活率得到了提高呢[1]!

《科学 转化医学》杂志将他们的研究成果作为封面文章发表了。研究的通讯作者,约翰霍普金斯大学医学院脑肿瘤免疫治疗中心主任,Michael Lim教授认为,虽然他们的成果只在小鼠体内得到了验证,但是,全身化疗会削弱免疫系统是客观存在的问题,因此患者需要“一个可选择的替代”。


《科学 转化医学》封面~科学与艺术的结合~
左侧打着吊瓶的全身化疗,“无差别攻击”,不但杀灭了肿瘤细胞,也杀死了T细胞
上方贴着白色晶片的局部化疗,还有右侧注射入体内的PD-1抗体(绿色),“加持”T细胞,让T细胞不受肿瘤微环境的抑制,目的明确地“抓住并撕碎”肿瘤细胞

研究人员假设局部化疗相比全身化疗能够降低化疗引起的免疫抑制,并且增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。为了验证这个假设,他们在小鼠体内进行了一系列的实验。

首先,研究人员给GBM小鼠使用了200mg/kg剂量的PD-1抗体药物,然后将它们分成两组。大约两周后,再对两组小鼠分别进行化疗。对于全身化疗(SC)的小鼠,研究人员使用腹部注射的方式给药,每周注射三次,而对于局部化疗(LC)的小鼠,则是将覆有药物的晶片放入脑中,让药物可以持续释放一周的时间。两组小鼠所用的都是临床上常用的药物卡莫司汀。

白色小圆片就是植入脑中的覆有化疗药物的晶片,位于瘤细胞之上,可以持续释放药物,进行局部化疗

在化疗也进行了两周后,研究人员从小鼠的淋巴腺、脑、骨髓中抽取了血样,对T细胞的数量进行了统计,这是衡量免疫系统完整性的一个重要指标。结果显示,SC组小鼠的T细胞数量明显较低,仅为LC组的1/3!研究人员说,这与临床上接受全身化疗的患者的情况是相符的。接下来,研究人员又比较了不同治疗方法下小鼠的存活率。在治疗结束后的100天LC组小鼠约有80%存活,而SC组为50%,单独使用PD-1免疫治疗组则只有40%多。

对于这些存活下来的“幸运儿”,研究人员们“又放了个大招”——给它们的大脑中植入了更多的肿瘤。让人感到可惜的是,SC组小鼠没有搞定“面目熟悉的新入侵者”,幸存者全部阵亡,但LC组小鼠的表现却让人感到惊喜,它们的免疫系统“识别出了”肿瘤并进行了“清除”,于是这组小鼠顺利地活了下来!这说明,局部化疗很好地解决了免疫系统受损的问题,保存了“免疫记忆”。而且,卡莫司汀并不是孤例,研究人员用另一种化疗药物,替莫唑胺也做了同样的实验,结果与卡莫司汀是一致的。


选用卡莫司汀作为化疗药物的不同治疗方案的小鼠存活率对比

我们知道,在治病的时候,有些药物的服用顺序可能也会影响治疗效果。那么这个联合疗法也需要注意这一点吗?为了结果更准确,研究人员就将治疗顺序进行了调换,先进行化疗,再进行免疫治疗,想看看顺序颠倒会不会影响治疗结果。答案是不会,接受反向顺序治疗小鼠的生存时间和存活率与正向顺序的相差无几。研究人员认为,他们的一系列研究证明了,用局部化疗代替全身化疗能够优化“化疗+免疫治疗”这一联合疗法。

目前,针对胶质母细胞瘤,有大量的免疫疗法研究正在开展。而如果Lim教授的研究成果在临床患者体内也有同样结果的话,显然会对免疫疗法的临床试验和治疗策略产生直接的影响。除了脑瘤以外,是否其他的肿瘤也可以用这种联合疗法进行治疗呢?我想Lim教授也一定有过这样的想法,他将局部化疗+免疫治疗这一概念申请了专利[2],奇点糕也希望早日有临床癌症患者受益于这种联合疗法。

原始出处:

[1] Mathios D, Kim J E, Mangraviti A, et al. Anti–PD-1 antitumor immunity is enhanced by local and abrogated by systemic chemotherapy in GBM. Science Translational Medicine. 21 Dec 2016.

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    2017-07-21 bsmagic9140
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    2017-01-01 chg122
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656738, encodeId=329e1656e38b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 17:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067201, encodeId=8111206e20186, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Wed May 31 19:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405709, encodeId=bb931405e0925, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a5404e589d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#局部#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47589, encryptionId=a5404e589d7, topicName=局部)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d14c2562456, createdName=chg122, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1577077, encodeId=5ae115e707704, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a2a613914cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PD-1抗体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13914, encryptionId=a2a613914cd, topicName=PD-1抗体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=021d16387966, createdName=1249857fm37暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1607239, encodeId=2287160e23957, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=15, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166915, encodeId=576b1669154c, content=免疫治疗的使用范围越来越广,收到很好的疗效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Sat Dec 31 06:16:21 CST 2016, time=2016-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656738, encodeId=329e1656e38b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 17:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067201, encodeId=8111206e20186, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Wed May 31 19:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405709, encodeId=bb931405e0925, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a5404e589d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#局部#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47589, encryptionId=a5404e589d7, topicName=局部)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d14c2562456, createdName=chg122, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1577077, encodeId=5ae115e707704, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a2a613914cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PD-1抗体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13914, encryptionId=a2a613914cd, topicName=PD-1抗体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=021d16387966, createdName=1249857fm37暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1607239, encodeId=2287160e23957, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=15, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Jan 01 01:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166915, encodeId=576b1669154c, content=免疫治疗的使用范围越来越广,收到很好的疗效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Sat Dec 31 06:16:21 CST 2016, time=2016-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2016-12-31 邓启付

    免疫治疗的使用范围越来越广,收到很好的疗效。

    0