Gastroenterology:丙型肝炎是一种神经系统疾病?

2012-04-10 庞琳娜 北京大学

文献标题:Hepatitis C virus infects the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. 同期述评:Is HCV infection a neurologic disorder ? 文献来源:Gastroenterology. 2012 Mar;142(3)     &nbsp

文献标题:Hepatitis C virus infects the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.
同期述评:Is HCV infection a neurologic disorder ?
文献来源:Gastroenterology. 2012 Mar;142(3)

       【导语】2012年3月《Gastroenterology 》发表的一项英国研究显示:丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)可感染血脑屏障(BBB)内皮细胞。法国南特市主宫(Hôtel-Dieu)医院肝病胃肠病科费雷(Féray)针对这一研究结果,发表了同期述评“HCV感染是一种神经系统疾病?”。下面我们简要介绍该研究的成果,并有北大人民医院肝病研究所饶慧瑛老师给我们带来的精彩点评。

■ 研究简介
丙型肝炎病毒透过血脑屏障感染内皮细胞

       HCV感染可导致进行性肝病,并与包括中枢神经系统(CNS)异常在内的多种肝外症状相关。然而,目前还不清楚这种认知异常是一种功能性全身疾病还是肝功能受损或CNS病毒感染的表现。  

       英国伯明翰大学生物医学研究所弗莱彻(Fletcher)等采用定量聚合酶链反应检测法以及免疫组化法和共聚焦图像分析法,在10例感染者(3名未感染者作为对照)的大脑组织样本中,测定了HCV RNA水平、病毒入口受体的表达水平以及人脑微血管内皮细胞的受体表达情况。
       结果显示,采用定量聚合酶链反应检测法,我们在感染者大脑组织中检测到的HCV RNA水平显著低于在肝脏样本中检测到的水平。脑微血管内皮细胞以及脑内皮细胞表达了所有公认的HCV入口受体。两种脑内皮细胞系——hCMEC/D3 和 HBMEC,支持HCV进入宿主细胞以及HCV的复制。上述过程受以下物质的抑制:抗入口因子CD81抗体、抗清道夫受体BI抗体和抗水闸蛋白-1抗体,以及干扰素和可抑制NS3蛋白酶和NS5B聚合酶的试剂。HCV感染可提高内皮的渗透性并促进细胞凋亡。

       该研究的结论是,人脑内皮细胞可表达功能性受体,这些受体支持HCV的进入和复制。BBB或许为HCV感染提供了一个肝外的攻击目标,并且HCV有可能直接诱发体内的神经病。总之,CNS病毒感染或许导致了HCV相关的神经病。
  ■ 同期述评
       HCV感染是一种神经系统疾病?

       费雷评论说,众所周知,HCV可诱发慢性肝炎、肝硬化和肝细胞癌。即使疾病到了肝硬化或肝细胞癌的阶段,也经常是缺乏症状的。为此,HCV感染常被称为“静默的杀手”。在感染者中疲劳是最常见的抱怨。此外,HCV还与认知功能障碍和抑郁相关,但这些症状与肝病的严重程度无关,肝性脑病或药物滥用也不能解释上述症状。
所有的HCV受体不仅存在于肝细胞,也存在于BBB内皮细胞上。
图 所有的HCV受体不仅存在于肝细胞,也存在于BBB内皮细胞上。
HCV感染的肝外表现至少部分与HCV和肝外感染部位之间的相互作用有关

       在HCV感染期间肝外疾病较为常见,而且这些肝外疾病也已被归因于HCV感染。在这些疾病背后最常见的发病机制是自身免疫问题。很久以前人们就已经了解到,甲状腺炎、关节炎以及糖尿病等疾病较常伴有HCV感染。
        与HCV感染相关的第二常见疾病是Ⅱ 型或 Ⅲ型冷球蛋白血症。冷球蛋白包含由HCV病毒体和抗HCV抗体组成的免疫复合物,并且在感染者中非常普遍。这可以导致有症状的血管炎,并伴有紫癜、关节痛、无力以及周围神经系统和肾脏受累。

       与HCV感染相关的第三组肝外症状可能是CNS组分感染HCV的一种直接后果。事实上,在对脑组织进行尸检时已检出HCV RNA。

       弗莱彻等进行的研究,旨在对以下最初假设进行研究:HCV可能感染并改变BBB内皮细胞的功能。该研究的作者首次证实,所有已知的病毒受体分子 [ 例如CD81、水闸蛋白-1、闭锁蛋白、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)和清道夫受体-BI ] 均在BBB内皮细胞表面上有所表达。

       这篇文章中最重要的信息是,源自BBB内皮细胞的人类细胞系可受到HCV的感染。该研究结果提出了以下重要问题:BBB内皮细胞中的HCV复制是否对HCV感染者经常报告的神经认知症状和心理症状有影响。在病例对照和纵向研究中已对该话题进行评估。虽然这些研究具有一定的局限性,但大部分报告,与对照者相比,HCV感染者中有更多的疲劳和抑郁,并且效率更低。
       弗莱彻等这篇文章的主要意图旨在显示大脑有可能是HCV的攻击目标。更重要的是,HCV可感染BBB内皮细胞的结果提示,HCV也可能靶向作用于并改变其他内皮细胞。但我们还需要进一步研究,以便更好地明确感染的实际后果以及感染清除后这些后果的可逆性。

       然而,必须强调的是,HCV对神经认知功能的影响、抑郁或疲劳通常是轻微的。许多HCV感染者都非常成功和有创造性。我们应将目前这项研究的结果解读为“它们是什么”,但肯定不应将其过度解读为“HCV感染可导致严重的脑病

■ 专家点评
HCV感染的肝外表现及其机制

——北京大学人民医院 北京大学肝病研究所饶慧瑛
       慢性丙型肝炎患者的许多肝外表现被认为与HCV感染有关。HCV感染引起肝外表现的发病机制目前仍不清楚,通常认为与自身免疫有关,但HCV本身直接作用于肝外组织也是一个重要的发病机制。
       HCV为嗜肝性,但在非肝组织中也可检测到HCV的存在和复制,例如外周血细胞、唾液腺、皮肤、肾脏、骨髓、脑脊液等。英国这项研究提示,大脑有可能受到HCV的直接攻击,并因此引起与肝功能受损程度完全无关的神经认知功能轻微异常。

       HCV是否也可能感染其他的内皮细胞并引起相应器官的功能异常?抗HCV治疗获得持续病毒学应答后,受感染内皮细胞中的HCV是否也会得到清除?并因此使大脑以及肝外受累器官的功能有所改善?虽然这些问题尚待解决,但该研究结果为HCV感染肝外表现的发生机制、治疗以及临床结局的深入研究提供了很好的思路。

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    2012-09-07 许安
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