学习医学伦理学为何这么重要?

2017-06-11 石岩 环球医学

《医学伦理学》是医学生必须要修的课程,但很多人不明白为什么要学习这门学科。医学伦理是应用伦理学中发展最为迅猛、争议最为激烈的一门学科之一。目前,相关问题已经远远超越了传统伦理学的范围。了解医学伦理学的任务和范畴能更好理解这门学科的意义,并能更好地实践于医事服务,改善紧张的医患关系。

《医学伦理学》是医学生必须要修的课程,但很多人不明白为什么要学习这门学科。医学伦理是应用伦理学中发展最为迅猛、争议最为激烈的一门学科之一。目前,相关问题已经远远超越了传统伦理学的范围。了解医学伦理学的任务和范畴能更好理解这门学科的意义,并能更好地实践于医事服务,改善紧张的医患关系。

医学伦理学的范畴涵盖医患之间、医务人员之间以及医务人员和社会之间的关系,指医德规范体系第三个层次中所涉及的、最基本的概念,主要包括:权利与义务;情感与良心;审慎与保密等。

一、权利与义务

医德范畴中的权利指的是行为主体在医学道德允许的范围内可以行使的权力和应该享受的利益。义务是指行为主体依据医德的规定必须履行的角色职责。在医学关系中,主要有医师的医德权利、义务和病人的医德权利、义务。在道德、伦理领域,义务与权利是相对应的,但伦理学强调义务的履行是不以权利的享受为前提。医务人员不能认为有权利就尽义务,没有权利就放弃义务和责任。

1、医生在执业活动中享有权利

医学权利包括:(1)在注册的执业范围内,进行医学检查、疾病调查、医学处置、出具相应的医学证明文件,选择合理的医疗、预防、保健方案;(2)按照国务院卫生行政部门规定的标准,获得与本人执业活动相当的医疗设备基本条件;(3)从事医学研究、学术交流,参加专业学术团体;(4)参加专业培训,接受医学继续教育;(5)在执业活动中,人格尊严、人身安全不受侵犯;(6)获取工资报酬和津贴,享受国家规定的福利待遇;(7)对所在机构的医疗、预防、保健工作和卫生行政部门的工作提出建议,依法参与所在机构的民主管理

道德权利更为广泛,最主要的是医疗干涉权,即医生在特殊情况下限制病人某些自主权利,以确保病人自身、他人和社会的更为重要的权益不受到损害,主要包括:(1)精神病、自杀未遂等病人拒绝治疗或企图自杀时,可强迫治疗或采取约束措施控制其行为;(2)对需要进行隔离的传染病患者可进行强制隔离;(3)在进行人体试验性治疗时,虽然病人已知情同意,但在出现高度危险的情况时,医生必须中止试验以保护病人利益;(4)危重病人要求了解自己疾病的真相时,医生有权隐瞒真相以防止病人知道后可能不利于诊治或产生不良影响的情况。

2、医生在医疗行为中具备道德义务

(1)遵守法律法规和技术操作规范;(2)遵守职业道德,履行医生职责,为患者服务尽职尽责;(3)尊重患者,保护患者的隐私;(4)努力钻研业务,提高专业水平;(5)对患者进行卫生保健教育;(6)不得拒绝急救处置;(7)对患者交代病情时避免引起对患者的精神压力、产生不利的后果;(8)不得利用职务之便获取不当利益;(9)遇有灾情、疫情等威胁人民生命健康的紧急情况时,应服从卫生行政部门调遣和及时向有关部门上报等。

二、情感与良心

医德情感是指医务人员在医疗活动中对自己和他人行为之间关系的内心体验及其自然流露,建立在对病人健康高度负责的基础之上,不以医务人员个人利益和需要的满足为前提;医德良心是医德情感的深化,是在医疗活动中存在于医务人员意识中、发自内心深处的对病人和社会的强烈的道德责任感和自我评价能力。

1、医德情感与医德理智辩证统一

医德情感的内容包括同情感(心)、责任感(心)和事业感(心)。同情感是最基本的医德情感,也是服务病人的原始动力。责任感是一种自觉的道德意识,可弥补同情感的不足,使医务人员的行为具有稳定性。事业感是责任感的升华,是更高层次的医德情感,只有同时具备三种医德情感,医生才能不计较个人得失和荣辱成败,为病人的利益承担风险,真正实现全心全意为人民健康服务的道德原则。同时,医德情感具有理智性,并不是盲目冲动的,满足病人及其家属的要求必须在医学科学允许的范围内。

2、医德良心具有能动作用

行为前,肯定符合道德要求的行为动机,抑制对不符合道德要求的行为动机;行为中,对符合道德要求的情感、意志、信念以及行为方式和手段予以激励和强化,监督医疗行为;行为后,对行为的后果和影响进行评价和反馈。

三、审慎与保密

医德审慎是指医生在行为之前的周密思考和行为过程中的小心谨慎、细心操作。保守医密是指医务人员保守在医疗活动中获得的病人的医疗秘密,包括病人及其家庭隐私、病人独特的体征或畸形、病人不愿让别人知晓的病情(不良诊断和预后等)以及其他任何事情。

1、 审慎是业务能力和技术水平的体现

其作用包括有利于提高医疗质量,防止发生医疗事故;有利于医务人员更新知识和提高技术水平;有利于培养良好的医德。

2、保密是避免患者信任危机的第一步

主要内容包括:(1)为病人保密,不有意探听病人隐私,不泄露在诊疗中知晓的病人隐私;(2)对病人保密,不直接告知病人可能对其带来沉重打击的诊断和预后结果,但应该及时告知病人家属。保守医密既是尊重患者的体现,又是保护患者的方式。

在介绍了医学伦理学的范畴之后,还需要进一步了解医学伦理学的任务。医学伦理学能反映社会需求,保留有效的技术,改进、发展或淘汰不能有效解除疾病的医学理论;指明医学向着尊重生命完整性发展的方向;保护医学行为,鼓励医生与患者达成实验性治疗协议,并把治疗结果当成今后研究的依据。

经过以上对于医学伦理学范畴和任务的介绍,可知学习医学伦理学很有必要。学习这门学科既有利于医务人员道德修养的自我完善,又有利于医务人员实现技术与伦理的统一及提高临床、教育、科研、预防、康复、管理的质量,还有利于医务人员解决医德难题及促进医学科学的发展。所以,医学伦理学是医生一辈子都需要学习和思考的重要学科。

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    2018-02-27 szhvet
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    2017-06-13 slcumt
  3. 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    2017-06-12 惠映实验室

    医学伦理真的要重视,除了工作,还有临床研究也是要考虑的。

    0

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    2017-06-12 184****9840

    学习了谢谢分享。

    0

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level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 20:47:30 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 林3301

    好像修养医学的品德

    0

  7. 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level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 20:47:30 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 131****2916

    真的还是挺重要的

    0

  8. 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level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 20:47:30 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 cammylee

    卫生法规的学习也同样重要

    0

  9. 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level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 20:47:30 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 微笑人参

    社会伦理,医学伦理

    0

  10. 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createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 05:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569556, encodeId=4412156955629, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e457340218f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34021, encryptionId=e457340218f, topicName=医学伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b50215527693, createdName=xuruicheng, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 05:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209730, encodeId=fd83209e30d5, content=医学伦理真的要重视,除了工作,还有临床研究也是要考虑的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 08:03:58 CST 2017, time=2017-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209693, encodeId=e2fb209693e7, content=学习了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 07:14:15 CST 2017, time=2017-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209552, encodeId=c64620955261, content=好像修养医学的品德, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuBA90ng5ibXMmibn1feGOQ2cjw0S48DKsF0icicFlmRxwHibIic2TNGd22vVqkKRMj2cRSWbpqZAPBPgdt/0, createdBy=81031668757, createdName=林3301, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 23:37:32 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209549, encodeId=9b472095496c, content=真的还是挺重要的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 23:36:23 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209532, encodeId=d4c8209532bd, content=卫生法规的学习也同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuKNBxDVBAKkw4iasfX6Ivz8Y7A0NxoojXJnsUJbYLwXhbYLPuygo2HkeI88pegDBdwa5mpvpo5Doq/0, createdBy=08c32053364, createdName=cammylee, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 21:37:57 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209530, encodeId=dfdc209530d7, content=社会伦理,医学伦理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220317/1c3b2db4747d42e88e5018b394979434/be0fcebf07344e9ab886c37c502e2f29.jpg, createdBy=6bb22051299, createdName=微笑人参, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 21:21:37 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209513, encodeId=e01c2095131c, content=签到学习了很多。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 20:47:30 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 Chongyang Zhang

    签到学习了很多。

    0

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