NIH启动人类胎盘计划

2014-06-04 佚名 爱爱医

每个人在出生之前都依赖胎盘生存,在这九个月中胎盘不仅是我们的肺和肾,还负责生产重要的激素。一旦这个盘形组织出现故障,就会引起从早产到中年疾病等诸多问题。然而一直以来胎盘并未受到应有的重视,婴儿出生以后医院就会将胎盘扔掉。 “胎盘是人们了解得最少的一种人类器官,”美国NICHD(National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)的主

每个人在出生之前都依赖胎盘生存,在这九个月中胎盘不仅是我们的肺和肾,还负责生产重要的激素。一旦这个盘形组织出现故障,就会引起从早产到中年疾病等诸多问题。然而一直以来胎盘并未受到应有的重视,婴儿出生以后医院就会将胎盘扔掉。

“胎盘是人们了解得最少的一种人类器官,”美国NICHD(National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)的主管Alan Guttmacher说。“在科学界人们大多忽视了胎盘的存在。”现在,他希望能够将研究者和资助人集结起来,通过人类胎盘计划改变这一现状。上周,在NICHD举办的一个研讨会上,大约七十名研究者陈述了自己对人类胎盘计划的见解。

人类胎盘主要由早期胚胎周围的外层细胞发育而成。这些滋养层在孕早期侵入子宫壁,随后发展成一个复杂的绒毛网络,其中含有胎儿的血管。这种树状的绒毛结构能够从母血吸收氧和营养,同时胎儿的废物和二氧化碳也通过胎盘扩散到母血中。发育中的胎盘通过特化细胞与脐带相连。为了避免受到母体免疫系统的排斥,胎盘采取了多种策略,比如不表达特定的蛋白。胎盘在孕期的作用“是相当有趣的”,可以为从癌症到器官移植的许多问题提供启示,Iowa大学的科学家Kimberly Leslie说。

胎盘发生故障(过小或弱连接)会使胎儿饥饿,阻碍胎儿的正常生长,还可能引起妊娠高血压。妊娠高血压的发病率为6%,这种疾病会导致婴儿早产。此外,一些成年疾病(从心血管疾病到胰岛素抵抗)也似乎与异常的胎盘形态有关。

研究者们总结道,胎盘的确值得深入研究。Guttmacher介绍,人类胎盘计划将致力于在孕期实时解读正常和异常的胎盘。这一计划也会探求可能的药物干预方式,例如通过药物刺激过小胎盘的生长。

一些研究者希望利用研究心脏和大脑的超声和磁共振成像技术,检测胎盘中的血流和氧化作用。然而,示踪物注射会引起一个敏感的伦理问题。“人们很怕对孕妇产生任何影响,”Hackensack大学的胎盘研究者Nicholas Illsley说。另一条途径是通过母体血液,检测脱落自胎盘的细胞和核酸,将其作为分析器官功能的窗口。

另外,研究者们还探讨了在体外构建“人造胎盘”的可能性,以及开发分子感应器对胎盘进行监控。“这听起来像是个科幻故事,不过如果你在20年前给我说起iPhone,我也会以为那不过是个天方夜谭,”Magee-Womens研究所的Yoel Sadovsky说。

最后,与会者阐述了一些短期研究目标,例如制定正常和异常胎盘的标准定义。胎盘的形态非常多变,有些健康孕妇的胎盘看起来很畸形,而不健康胎盘常常看起来完全正常,多伦多大学的系统生物学家Brian Cox说。

NICHD自身提供的资金可能只有数百万美元,Guttmacher说。不过已经有八个其他的NIH研究所表示愿意提供资助。看来,长期被扔到一边的胎盘终于获得了应有的重视。

原始出处

Jocelyn Kaiser.NIH Gears Up for a Closer Look at the Human Placenta.ScienceInsider.June 2, 2014

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    2014-07-07 zhangjunxiao

    很好!胎盘很复杂。

    0

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    2014-06-06 宋威
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10312, encodeId=458810312dd, content=很好!胎盘很复杂。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/1oeP10R7SWYfgg6QBRpjgiaiaCLyGAnK0VXpibCJzyljhCjico0Gmmf9UUeGfc5ERibMX2PM9xbIOZqMjBjcLhfX4tA/132, createdBy=7340105168, createdName=zhangjunxiao, createdTime=Mon Jul 07 05:19:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1406803, encodeId=b21414068034e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aca8365e2c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83657, encryptionId=2aca8365e2c, topicName=胎盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTItxfbnwF4Yku2j227me6wl2EGarBoTicR3tHxrMtib5tnyyEEsgxlHkk8JAS4ZjHsEF7PxhBwh1QwQ/132, createdBy=c8162575557, createdName=liuyong2981, createdTime=Fri Jun 06 04:39:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536901, encodeId=1b91153690167, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dd4128010e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NIH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12801, encryptionId=2dd4128010e, topicName=NIH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7cd212750364, createdName=宋威, createdTime=Fri Jun 06 04:39:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9677, encodeId=fae896e7ea, content=请具体说明它的医学价值及意义,阐述太片面。。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=ils2014, createdTime=Thu Jun 05 17:33:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-06-05 ils2014

    请具体说明它的医学价值及意义,阐述太片面。。。。

    0