Science:液体活检癌症筛查首战告捷!万人前瞻性研究显示,液体活检筛查特异性达98.9%,可检出传统筛查无法找到的癌症

2020-05-27 奇点糕 奇点网

近期的《科学》上,一项来自约翰·霍普金斯大学,名为DETECT-A的研究首次显示:用液体活检技术配合PET-CT等影像学检查,可以发现无症状中老年人身体内,传统筛查手段找不到的10种癌症

近期的《科学》上,一项来自约翰·霍普金斯大学,名为DETECT-A的研究首次显示:用液体活检技术配合PET-CT等影像学检查,可以发现无症状中老年人身体内,传统筛查手段找不到的10种癌症!

具体来说,这项研究用液体活检技术,检测了近万名65-75岁的老年人,对于液体活检结果异常,且经过复核的受试者,会通过PET-CT等影像学检查进行最终确诊,从而单独验出了26例无法用传统筛查手段找到的癌症。

在检出率上,液体活检首先找到的癌症患者,和传统筛查手段找到的数量基本相当,没有患者重叠,而且检测的假阳性率只有约1%,从而大幅减少了过度检测和治疗的发生。虽然活检还有一些不完善,但已经让人充满希望啦。

其实从技术层面上讲,这次使用的液体活检技术,是2018年约翰·霍普金斯大学同一支团队提出的CancerSEEK技术的早期版本。不过DETECT-A研究在2017年就已启动,那会儿有着高大上人工智能参与的CancerSEEK,还没被提出呢。

这个早期版本的检测,在原理上并没有多少变化,仍然是针对受检者血液中的16个癌症相关基因突变,以及八九个蛋白片段展开的。在结果分析时,初检异常高值的受试者,会再次做血检来进行确认,并不采用CancerSEEK的人工智能分析。

为了保证检测的特异性,“异常高值”往往要比普通检测的参考值上限高得多,因此在研究的第一次检测时,检出异常的受试者只占整体的4.9%,而复检再次阳性的受试者只有134人,相当于全部受试者的1.35%。

只有两次检测都呈阳性,并由研究团队排除了非肿瘤因素导致的结果,受试者才会接受PET-CT检查。但并非所有受试者都由PET-CT确诊,也有一些是因为在首检阳性后,两次检测的间隔期中出现症状,通过其他影像学检查被确诊癌症的。

总而言之,研究团队定义的“首先由液体活检发现的癌症”有26例,相当于液体活检的特异性达到了98.9%,结合PET-CT在内的影像学检查,这个数字能达到99.6%!

但是这近万名受试者,随访期内总共有96例癌症发病,所以即使是把各种影像学检查都算到一起,液体活检的敏感性也只有27%,阳性预测值(PPV)则是约40%。

被检出的26例癌症中,9例是肺癌,6例是卵巢癌,此外还有结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌和淋巴瘤等。而从分期上看,26例中有17例还属于局部癌症,更是有5例在分期处于I期时就被检出了。

而从检测对应的指标来看,有14例癌症是通过检测基因突变被找到的,最常见的是TP53,还有PIK3CA、KRAS和BRAF等。另外有11例是通过蛋白片段,也就是CA15-3、CEA这些经典的肿瘤标志物发现的,剩下的1例则是双重确认。

而液体活检的一大理论优势——安全性,也在DETECT-A研究中得到了体现,只有1%的受试者基于假阳性的检测结果接受了PET-CT检查,0.22%的患者进行了不必要的手术,这些检查和手术,都未导致严重不良事件的发生。

不过,由于DETECT-A研究允许受试者正常参加常规的癌症筛查计划,在随访期间也有24例癌症是由筛查优先发现的,而且与液体活检发现的26例没有重叠,这24例中多是早期乳腺癌。

还有46例癌症,是既没有被液体活检发现,也没有被筛查发现的,但也大多以局限期癌症为主。所以说,液体活检技术还有着很大的进步空间,用美国癌症学会(ACS)官员的话说,“现在还不是真正应用的时候,需要更多的研究”。

但即使如此,这个结果也第一次证实了液体活检在正常人群中的可行性。用论文作者们的话说,“液体活检并不是要取代常规的癌症筛查,而是要互补使用,我们相信这样的联合使用,最终能实现把美国2/3的癌症在早期发现的目标。”

当然,成本最好能低一点……

或许离这个目标真正实现,也就是一眨眼的工夫。生命科学的进步已经刷新了太多的认知,再多一点又有何不好呢?到时候奇点糕们也就不用追着“滴血验癌”辟谣,而是上赶着呼吁大家去做检测啦。

原始出处:Lennon A M, Buchanan A H, Kinde I, et al. Feasibility of blood testing combined with PET-CT to screen for cancer and guide intervention [J]. Science, 2020, eabb9601.

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    2020-09-28 独狐浪子

    0

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    2020-05-28 jichang
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    2020-05-27 thm112988

    0

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在过去十年中,口服抗凝剂(OAC)的房颤(AF)患者数量有所增加。近日,内科学领域权威杂志Journal of Internal Medicine上发表一篇研究文章,研究人员旨在描述AF和活动性癌症患

重大突破!《自然》杂志:T细胞免疫疗法完全治愈晚期癌症

人类最好的药物,便是自己的免疫系统。如果彻底用好它,我们甚至可以战胜晚期癌症!

PLoS Biol:Yap抑制肿瘤微环境中的T细胞功能和浸润

癌症免疫治疗的一个主要挑战是维持免疫抑制性实体瘤中T细胞的激活和招募。在这里,我们报告了Hippo通路效应因子Yes-相关蛋白(Yap)的水平在分化4(CD4)阳性和分化8(CD8)阳性T细胞的群集激

Cell Death Dis:冷等离子体诱导肿瘤细胞死亡的机制

在癌症治疗研究中,电离辐射以外的能够有效杀死癌细胞的新物理技术一直是一个研究热点。冷等离子体(CAP)是一种接近室温的电离气体,由反应性物质、离子、电子、中性粒子、紫外线、可见光等组成。在过去的十年研