Cell Metab:糖和代糖一起吃会迷惑大脑!科学家发现,代糖和真糖一起吃会导致大脑对糖不敏感,胰岛素敏感性下降

2020-03-23 奇点糕 奇点网

近期《细胞代谢》杂志上刊登了一篇论文,为我们送上了一个很有趣的结论。与之前科学家所认为的不同,研究者们发现,同时摄入甜味剂三氯蔗糖和碳水化合物,竟然会损害糖代谢功能,反而单独吃代糖或真糖并没有什么影响

近期《细胞代谢》杂志上刊登了一篇论文,为我们送上了一个很有趣的结论。与之前科学家所认为的不同,研究者们发现,同时摄入甜味剂三氯蔗糖和碳水化合物,竟然会损害糖代谢功能,反而单独吃代糖或真糖并没有什么影响。

这种代谢障碍与大脑对糖的反应减弱有关,虽然参加试验的志愿者并没有觉得味觉有改变。

志愿者:我觉得挺甜阿。

大脑:不要你觉得,我要我觉得。

糖是个好东西,也是个坏东西——甜甜的味觉让人幸福,而吃多了含有大量糖的各种饮料和食品则会导致肥胖以及相关的一系列代谢疾病。由此而生的,就是那些既甜甜又无负担的低热量甜味剂(LCS),以三氯蔗糖为代表的各种代糖。

不过代糖的健康争议一直都没有停歇过。没热量就高枕无忧了?显然不是这样。

很多人体研究报告显示,使用代糖与体重增加和糖尿病风险上升相关;但是同时也有完全相反的结论,显示代糖可以帮助人类改善BMI、成功减重;当然,也有科学家做完了试验,发现代糖和大家身上那几斤肉没啥关系。

当然了,可能也是大家做研究的方法有问题。

动物研究就更别提了,甚至还有三篇论文得出三个互斥结论这种奇景。

现象研究不明白,那么机制呢?

目前已经有了几个假说。从外周角度来说,代糖能够结合胰腺和肠道中的味觉受体,从而影响葡萄糖转运蛋白SGLT-1和GLUT2,或通过促进肠降血糖素释放来改变葡萄糖代谢;从中枢神经角度,也有“甜味-能量解耦假设”,认为神经对甜味的识别与能量摄入脱钩,使得机体对甜味的反应减弱。

这个假说的意思就是,使用代糖代替真糖,虽然感知到了一样的甜味,但是实际摄入的热量是完全不同的,代糖热量很低或没有热量,这就会使得正常的葡萄糖代谢反应减弱,并导致随后的葡萄糖耐量下降。

今天这项研究就是为了验证这个解耦假设的真实性。研究者们招募了45位成年志愿者,他们年龄在20-45岁之间,平时不怎么喝代糖饮料。研究采用随机双盲设计,志愿者们分成3组,在2周内喝了7次355ml的饮料。

这三组饮料,第一组含有0.06g三氯蔗糖,热量为0;第二组含有30.38g蔗糖,甜味和第一组一样,热量为120Kcal;第三组含有0.06g三氯蔗糖和31.83g麦芽糊精,因为麦芽糊精不甜,所以甜味和前两组一样,热量为120Kcal。

在喝下饮料前后,志愿者们需要测试口服葡萄糖耐量,还要利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)测试大脑对甜、酸、咸、鲜四种味道的反应,以及志愿者的味觉。

如果解耦假说成立,我们可以想到,喝代糖饮料组的志愿者们应该能够表现出代谢障碍。

但结果和预想的大不相同。

研究者们通过葡萄糖耐量测试期间的血浆胰岛素和葡萄糖量的曲线下面积来评估葡萄糖耐量。检测结果与假设完全相反,代糖组和蔗糖组的糖耐量并没有什么变化,反而是代糖真糖组合令参与者的糖耐量下降了!

反而是组合组表现出了差异

当fMRI检查志愿者大脑内相关味觉区域的耗氧量,也可以发现,代糖真糖组合令志愿者大脑对甜味的反应减弱了,对其他几种味觉的反应没有发生变化;而代糖组和蔗糖组,每种味觉都没有发生变化。

胰岛素反应与大脑对甜味的感知成反比

考虑到三氯蔗糖本身是甜味受体的高亲和力配体,重复摄入可能会导致甜味受体的下调,从而改变强度感知,影响大脑对甜味的反应,所以研究者们还调查了志愿者对甜味味觉的感知。不过显然,喝了什么饮料并不影响志愿者对甜味的认知,也不改变他们对甜味轻重的喜好。

最后,原本是将代糖真糖组合作为对照组,万万没想到对照组竟然成了实验组,所以研究者们还专门补充了一组单独使用麦芽糊精的对照组。因为麦芽糊精会被很快代谢为葡萄糖,这就有可能通过葡萄糖转运干扰糖稳态。不过试验结果显示,摄入麦芽糊精并不会干扰葡萄糖耐量测试。

可见麦芽糊精对糖耐量无影响

总的来说,代糖和真糖本身似乎并不会影响糖代谢,但是同时摄入三氯蔗糖和碳水化合物,就会短期影响代谢功能并导致大脑对甜味的敏感性降低。

当然了,这项研究还有一定的局限,比如说只研究三氯蔗糖这一种代糖,样本量也不算大,试验期间也比较短,还没有研究这种代谢障碍是否可逆。

哎,吃糖真是甜蜜的烦恼呀。

原始出处:Jelle R. Dalenberg, Barkha P. Patel, Raphael Denis et al. Short-Term Consumption of Sucralose with, but Not without, Carbohydrate Impairs Neural and Metabolic Sensitivity to Sugar in Humans. Cell Metab. March 03, 2020

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    2021-01-13 一闲
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    2020-09-12 仁心济世
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    2021-02-20 baoya
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    2021-02-15 docwu2019
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