宫内节育器与生殖道感染的研究

2016-04-22 韩姹 薛凤霞 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

关于IUD操作前进行细菌性阴道病及STD的筛查必要性、IUD手术操作是否常规预防性应用抗生素以及应用IUD避孕妇女患PID处理的问题综述 宫内节育器(introuterine device,IUD)是我国育龄妇女的主要避孕措施。国家人口计生委调查发现,在2.3亿采用各种避孕措施的已婚育龄妇女中,有1.14亿妇女正在使用IUD,占49.79%。尽管已有文献资料显示,特别是对于性传播疾病

关于IUD操作前进行细菌性阴道病及STD的筛查必要性、IUD手术操作是否常规预防性应用抗生素以及应用IUD避孕妇女患PID处理的问题综述

宫内节育器(introuterine device,IUD)是我国育龄妇女的主要避孕措施。国家人口计生委调查发现,在2.3亿采用各种避孕措施的已婚育龄妇女中,有1.14亿妇女正在使用IUD,占49.79%。尽管已有文献资料显示,特别是对于性传播疾病(Sexually Transmitted Disease, STD)低危人群而言,放置IUD发生盆腔炎性疾病(pelvic inflammatory disease,PID)的风险很低,IUD操作前后对生殖道感染疾病的筛查和治疗必要性问题受到越来越多关注。我们就关于IUD操作前进行细菌性阴道病(bacterial vaginosis,BV)及STD的筛查必要性、IUD手术操作是否常规预防性应用抗生素以及应用IUD避孕妇女患PID处理的问题综述如下。

1、宫内节育器与细菌性阴道病

BV是由于阴道内微生态平衡失调,厌氧菌和阴道加德纳菌过盛生长,兼性厌氧性乳酸杆菌受抑制所引起的一种无阴道黏膜炎症表现的综合征。在置入IUD过程中可能使位于阴道内及子宫下端的各种病原菌进入宫腔,这些细菌可黏附在子宫内膜及IUD上,但正常的机体免疫功能可抑制或杀灭进入宫腔内的细菌,而不引起子宫内膜炎。尽管有研究提示,IUD妇女比使用其他避孕方式者患BV的风险性增高,但并不能说明使用IUD人群患PID的风险增高。2011年Donders 等对286例妇女曼月乐放置前及放置后1~2年的阴道分泌物进行检查,结果发现放置IUD后BV、需氧菌性阴道炎(aerobic vaginitis,AV)、外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)发病几率较置器前增加。Neale等对172例妇女放置IUD后4~6周和6个月的阴道分泌物检查发现,放置含铜的IUD较含孕激素的IUD更容易使妇女患BV。此外很多学者对BV与上生殖道感染进行研究,2004年Ness等对美国1179名妇女的纵向研究中,随访3年并未发现BV妇女患PID的风险增加;2006年Andrews 等研究BV与子宫内膜炎的关系时发现,BV患者子宫内膜可有厌氧菌定植,但与子宫内膜炎发病无直接相关性。2012年,加拿大Pham等对计划生育门诊准备放置IUD的70例妇女进行BV及其他宫颈感染的筛查,随访观察1个月后并发症发病情况(包括节育器脱落、体温>38℃、下腹疼痛、阴道大量出血等),结果发现,BV的患病率为7.1%,患者的BV状态与放置IUD术后并发症无显著的相关性。

2011中华医学会妇产科感染性疾病协作组及2015年美国疾病控制中心(center for disease control,CDC)关于BV的指南均明确指出,对有症状BV妇女应予治疗。在放置IUD前对无症状妇女是否进行BV筛查,研究尚不一致。2004年,加拿大妇产科学会(The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada,SOGC)的避孕指南中指出,在放置IUD前不需要对无症状女性常规筛查BV。2007年皇家妇产科医生学会(Royal College Of Obstetricians And Gynaecologists,RCOG)的IUD指南也指出,因为尚缺乏相关损害性证据,所以不推荐在放置IUD前检测BV或治疗无症状BV妇女。2009年WHO关于避孕的规范也提出类似的指南,不推荐在放置IUD前对无症状妇女常规检测BV。2014年SOGC关于减少放置IUD感染发生风险的指南中也指出,目前没有足够的证据支持放置IUD操作时对无症状妇女常规进行BV筛查(II-2C)。

而2011年中华医学会妇产分会科感染性疾病协作组参考美国CDC的BV诊治指南,同时结合我国的具体情况制定的BV诊治指南(草案)中指出,无论患者是否有症状,所有妇科及产科手术前均应对BV患者进行治疗。2012年英国性卫生及艾滋病协会制定的关于BV管理的指南中也提出,无论患者是否有症状,妇产科手术前的所有BV患者要进行治疗。

2、宫内节育器与性传播疾病

目前STD在我国流行日益广泛,并能引起各种并发症和后遗症,如异位妊娠、不孕、死胎、早产等,所以对STD的检查和治疗受到越来越多的重视。依据有无STD高危因素,将生殖道STD病原体筛查分为高危人群和普通人群筛查。2015年美国CDC认为STD的高危人群包括:年龄<26岁;近12个月内有新的性伴、有2个以上性伴;以前有STD病史者。加拿大STD指南还补充认为,弱势群体如静脉吸毒者、受监禁妇女等也是STD的高危人群。2006年一项系统性综述就IUD是否增加STD妇女发生PID风险的问题进行了研究,结果发现IUD操作后PID发生率很低,其中有4项研究发现STD妇女放置IUD操作后较非STD妇女PID的发生风险增高。美国CDC认为,对于放置IUD时发现明显的宫颈炎和上生殖道感染症状者,要进行STD检查和治疗,并延迟IUD放置时间。WHO关于避孕的指南中指出,PID、黏液脓性宫颈炎、沙眼衣原体或淋病奈瑟菌当前感染等是IUD操作的绝对禁忌症。2003年国际计划生育联合会指出合并黏液脓性宫颈炎、沙眼衣原体或者淋菌奈瑟菌感染性宫颈炎,在放置IUD前应予治疗。但在治疗结束后多久放置节育器尚无定论,按照美国CDC的STD治疗指南一般选择在规范治疗结果阴性后3~4周作为放置IUD的合适时间。

尽管STD患者在放置IUD后发生PID的比例有所增加,但是毕竟发生几率极低,对于无症状妇女,若先检测病原体等待结果而延迟放置IUD时,医生应考虑患者复诊的可能性及在等待结果期间意外受孕的风险。2014年Markham等对美国德克萨斯州休斯顿社区诊所的720例要求放置IUD的妇女术前进行沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟菌的筛查,发现沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟菌的感染很低,分别为2.5%和0.56%,但该研究中有30.26%妇女检查STD后未复诊放置IUD,而这部分人群发生意外妊娠的比例高达32.4%。这项研究提示,淋病和沙眼衣原体的发病率很低,没有必要为了等待检查结果而延迟放置IUD,以至于增加了意外妊娠的风险。2012年Sufrin CB等对2005年1月~2009年8月在美国加利福尼亚北部的卡萨医疗机构放置IUD的人群进行回顾性研究,结果发现,在57 728例放置IUD的人群中有47%在1年内未进行STD检查,另外53%中有19%为置器当天进行的STD检查,随访观察3个月发现所有人群PID发生率很低(0.54%),两组调整年龄和种族等因素后分析发现,两组PID的发生率无差别。该项研究结论认为,没有必要放置IUD前常规筛查STD,因为即使在放置前数周筛查STD结果阴性,也不能除外此次置器时存在STD感染;另外虽然STD发生率低,但存在STD高危因素仍然增加了放置IUD操作发生PID的风险,故对STD高危人群在置器同时应进行STD筛查。美国妇产科医师协会(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)及RCOG都没有推荐在放置IUD前对无宫颈感染症状者进行STD病原体筛查,除非通过询问病史和体格检查后发现为STD高危人群者或者患者主动要求筛查者。2011年ACOG提出,尚无证据推荐对所有放置IUD女性进行STD的筛查,对于无症状高危女性可在置器当天进行STD的筛查,不必等培养结果即可放置IUD,若术后结果阳性,可按照美国CDC的标准给予治疗。2014年SOGC基于多中心、前瞻性或回顾性临床试验证据,建议对所有IUD妇女应进行STD高危因素的病史和体格检查的评估,无症状的STD高危妇女应在术前或术日进行STD检查,但没有必要等结果回报后再放置IUD(II-2B)。

3、宫内节育器与盆腔炎性疾病

WHO人类生殖研究发展和研究培训特别规划署支持的一项研究中,纳入了多项包括欧洲、亚洲、美洲、非洲在内的多中心、前瞻性研究,对22 908例放置10种不同IUD的妇女,分别在置器后的第3、6和12个月进行随访,此后1年随访1次,共随访8年,各组采用统一的IUD放置方法和随访方案。放置IUD后PID的整体发生率为每年1.6/1000人;按照时间进行亚组分析时发现,置器后20d PID的风险最高,为每年9.7/100人,之后降至每年1.4人,虽然长期放置IUD很少或不增加PID危险,但放置IUD的手术操作增加了PID的发生风险,且放置前的STD是术后PID发病的高危因素。

1991年,一项国际性随机试验比较长期使用含左炔诺孕酮和含铜的IUD并发症时发现,最初2年内,两组发生PID的比例分别为0.9/100和0.8/100,放置IUD 6~7年后,该比例分别下降至0.2/100和0.3/100。该项研究提示,长期使用IUD并不增加PID的发生。另一项国际合作项目对来自孟加拉国、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、埃及、印度尼西亚、斯里兰卡和泰国的6 625例放置IUD的妇女进行调查发现,随访5年发生PID的比例很低(0.6/1000人/年)。2015年,Birgisson等采用前瞻性队列研究,对放置IUD的育龄女性随访2~3年,结果显示,无论有无STD高危因素放置IUD后发生PID的风险均小于1%。整体上,诸多研究已经表明,发生PID的风险与长期使用IUD的关系不大,而放置IUD的手术操作过程可能增加PID的发生。因此,2014年SOGC关于减少放置IUD感染发生风险的指南建议,医生应在放置IUD操作后20d内对所有妇女进行发生 PID的风险评估 (II-2A)。

关于IUD患者发生PID是否取环的问题,不同研究结论并不一致。2003年,国际计划生育联合会不建议对PID患者取环。2009年,WHO指出,对PID妇女继续放置或者取出IUD在治疗PID效果方面无差别。与之相反,2012年,英国性健康和艾滋病协会建议,治疗PID时要取环,但还要权衡取环后患者意外怀孕的风险。2014年SOGC制定的关于减少放置IUD感染发生风险的指南中指出,在治疗轻、中度PID时,没必要在治疗过程中进行取环,除非患者要求取环、或者合理使用抗生素治疗后72h没有临床缓解;发生严重PID时,开始合理抗生素治疗后应考虑取环(I-B)。

4、宫内节育器与预防应用抗生素

2010年Cochrane回顾分析发现,放置IUD后PID的发生风险整体偏低,放置IUD前给予多西环素200mg或阿奇霉素500mg者并没有显著降低PID的发病风险。美国洛杉矶进行的一项随机对照研究,观察IUD手术操作给予预防性抗生素的效果发现,预防应用抗生素组(918例)和对照组(915例)中分别有1例发生了输卵管炎,差别无统计学意义。2003年国际计划生育联合会指出,不推荐对所有放置IUD妇女常规预防性应用抗生素,但是对存在潜在STD高危因素的女性应考虑用药。2007年RCOG也指出,不推荐对所有放置IUD妇女常规预防性应用抗生素,但是建议对STD高危人群预防性给药,放置IUD时不必等培养结果,还推荐所用抗生素的抗菌谱应覆盖沙眼衣原体,如果为淋病的高危人群,抗生素应同时覆盖淋病奈瑟菌。2011年ACOG指出,尚无证据显示,常规术前术后预防性应用抗生素可减少置器后PID的发生。2014年SOGC指南也提出,不推荐放置IUD操作常规预防性抗生素用药,但若存在某些特定的高危因素可以预防用药(I-C)。

5、宫内节育器与生殖道感染的预防

进行IUD手术操作前,必须常规进行生殖道感染评估,尽早识别和治疗生殖道感染疾病;严格按照消毒和无菌技术规范进行医疗操作对于宫颈的手术操作,采用“不接触”原则,即避免子宫探针或其他器械碰触到阴道壁或窥器;虽然仅有有限的证据支持放置IUD操作前应进行宫颈清洁,但是该举措可能会降低PID的发病风险。2010年,计划生育协会指出,尽管没有证据显示经宫颈手术操作前洗必泰或聚维酮碘的阴道准备可以降低PID的发生,但研究显示可以减少阴道内细菌,对预防宫腔操作后的感染无害。2014年SOGC指南建议,在放置IUD前和操作过程中的标准操作规程应做到清洁宫颈、消毒器械(III-C)。另外放置IUD后可引起子宫异常出血,造成下生殖道局部防御功能降低,引起感染,对放置IUD妇女应强调生殖保健的重要性,对置器后妇女出现的副反应,如不规则阴道出血应及时给予治疗。

IUD对女性而言是一项极为安全、有效且可逆的避孕措施。目前的研究指出,有症状的BV妇女要在IUD手术操作前给予治疗,无症状妇女置器前是否常规筛查尚不一致,国内指南建议无论有无症状术前要对所有妇女进行BV筛查和治疗。放置IUD前或术日对STD高危人群要进行病原体检测。治疗轻、中度PID时,不常规取环;治疗72h无效以及严重PID开始合理抗生素治疗后,应考虑取环。目前尚没有证据支持所有上环操作妇女预防性应用抗生素可以获益,对于STD高危人群可考虑预防用药。严格手术操作规范可降低生殖道感染的发生风险。

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    2019-09-17 158914788

    有收获

    0

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    2016-04-23 jjzouyan

    研究,结果如何?

    0

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    2016-04-23 李继凯

    文章不错

    0

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    2016-04-23 李继凯

    值得关注

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=372841, encodeId=c2543e284108, content=有收获, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88da4896125, createdName=158914788, createdTime=Tue Sep 17 13:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706408, encodeId=1b541e06408dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=267e6911875' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生殖道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69118, encryptionId=267e6911875, topicName=生殖道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0e9f31248425, createdName=124984e7m93暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 18:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1440050, encodeId=0d101440050db, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ddab462686d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宫内节育器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46268, encryptionId=ddab462686d, topicName=宫内节育器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=697a4693489, createdName=ms7517674339485982, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 03:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81846, encodeId=8afe818465f, content=研究,结果如何?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sat Apr 23 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81275, encodeId=f2a6812e58e, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sat Apr 23 00:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81276, encodeId=cd1d812e620, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sat Apr 23 00:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81215, encodeId=92c38121535, content=学习了,目前很多这类研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 19:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=80670, encodeId=5b74806e02d, content=可以研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83erJaiboOUVrGYoHV8Essd0EJvx0DPLDeqP3qkvaGD39DdvMmzT98iaib209rApLicEN84Nu8RefibOh8jA/132, createdBy=75ba1609552, createdName=kingjiang, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 16:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-22 明崖

    学习了,目前很多这类研究

    0

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    2016-04-22 kingjiang

    可以研究

    0

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