Science:人类首次看到了胚胎发育的“高清”过程

2018-05-02 佚名 学术经纬

过去我们只能看见群星,如今我们却已能仰望整片宇宙。

无论是简单如蠕虫,还是复杂如人类,所有的多细胞生物都有一个共同点——它们都从一个细胞发育而来。

稍微了解生物发育的人都知道,从受精卵到胚胎的发育过程堪称奇迹。它需要细胞不断进行分裂,从一到二,从二到四,从四到八……

非洲爪蟾的胚胎发育过程(图片来源:《科学》)

每一个新生成的细胞,都要在正确的时间,出现在正确的位置;每一个新生成的细胞,都要和自己的邻居紧密合作,执行精准的生理功能。

有人说,这是自然界最为精彩的一幕。但人类经过了几十年的探索,对胚胎发育的了解依然有限。

而哈佛大学与哈佛医学院的科研人员彻底改变了我们的认知。最近,他们的研究在线刊登在了《科学》杂志上。

不是一篇,而是三篇!

《科学》一下子发表了3篇研究(图片来源:《科学》)

这三篇研究都用到了一个关键的技术——单细胞测序。

我们知道,每一个细胞里都含有生物完整的基因组。但它们只会从中挑出一些关键基因来实现自己的功能。这有点像一座大楼的建造蓝图只有一张,但不同的建筑工人在建造不同的区域时,查询的是蓝图的不同部分。

常规的测序技术会把遗传信息一锅端,无法从杂乱无章的测序结果中找到洞见。

单细胞测序技术中用到的细胞分离手段(图片来源:《科学》)

而单细胞技术可以分离出单个细胞,对其中的遗传信息进行分析,知道哪些基因被开启,哪些基因被关闭。这就好像挨个询问建筑工人,而他们向你汇报自己的工作任务一般。

在非洲爪蟾和斑马鱼这两大重要的实验动物里,研究人员们从遗传角度,绘制出了它们的胚胎发育图谱。而每一个胚胎细胞里的基因表达情况,都指向了它们的发育方向。

我们能看到每一个细胞的发育方向(图片来源:《科学》)

分辨率达到单细胞级的研究,直接颠覆了我们的一些固有认知。譬如在过去,科学家们认为只要一个细胞认准了一条发育道路,就会耿直地走到底。但这几项研究表明,结果并非如此。一些细胞在发育过程中,基因活性会发生突然的改变,让这些细胞发育成其他的类型。

“(生物发育的)画卷比我们过去设想的要复杂得多。”一名研究负责人说道。

这充分体现了该结果的重要性。事实上,一些发育学家指出,单细胞里的基因表达情况,甚至可以作为“基因配方”,告诉我们只要激活哪些基因,就能发育成特定的细胞。这一前所未有的工具,对于生物学科研有着极大的重要性。

“过去我们只能看见群星,如今我们却已能仰望整片宇宙。”另一名研究负责人评论道。

原始出处:

[1] Jeffrey A. Farrell, Yiqun Wang1, Samantha J. Riesenfeld, et.al. Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis. Science 26 Apr 2018

[2] Daniel E. Wagner, Caleb Weinreb, Zach M. Collins, et.al. Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo. Science 26 Apr 2018

[3] James A. Briggs, Caleb Weinreb, Daniel E. Wagner, et.al. The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution. Science 26 Apr 2018

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    2018-05-04 ailian1202
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    2018-05-04 neurowu
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    2018-05-04 jichang
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    2018-05-02 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-05-02 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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孕妇及其胎儿接触到许多药物; 然而,涉及药物的安全性和有效性时,他们却是是孤儿群体。因此,在给药前对母体和胎儿药物暴露的预测将是非常有用的。近日,国际杂志CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS上在线发表一项关于生理基础的药代动力学模型的研究。