十二指肠空肠交界区间质瘤致消化道大出血一例

2019-01-20 郭争荣 范小军 罗辉 中华消化内镜杂志

患者男,63岁,主因呕血、便血4d入院。患者4d前进正常食物后出现呕鲜红色血液及排暗红色血便3次,总量约1300mL,伴头晕、乏力,心慌、出汗等不适。就诊于我院急诊科,血常规示血红蛋白51g/L,急诊胃镜检查示十二指肠水平部可见大量鲜血,可见一小动脉持续性喷血,行内镜下钛夹止血(图1)。出血停止后收入普通病房。患者既往无消化道溃疡及肝病病史,无使用抗凝或抗血小板药物史,有高血压病史。

患者男,63岁,主因呕血、便血4d入院。患者4d前进正常食物后出现呕鲜红色血液及排暗红色血便3次,总量约1300mL,伴头晕、乏力,心慌、出汗等不适。就诊于我院急诊科,血常规示血红蛋白51g/L,急诊镜检查示十二指肠水平部可见大量鲜血,可见一小动脉持续性喷血,行内镜下钛夹止血(图1)。出血停止后收入普通病房。患者既往无消化道溃疡及肝病病史,无使用抗凝或抗血小板药物史,有高血压病史。

入院后查体:生命体征平稳,心率78次/min,血压138/84 mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa),贫血貌,结膜苍白,腹软,无压痛及反跳痛,肝脾未触及,肠鸣音6~8次/min,双下肢无水肿;复查血红蛋白69 g/L,血小板85×109/L,余正常。

入院后患者再次排暗红色血便1次,量约500mL,监测心率112次/min,血压101/70mmHg,血红蛋白64g/L。

再次行镜检查示十二指肠降部及水平部见大量鲜红色血液附着,并可见血凝块,水平段远端见原有3枚钛夹在位,病变部位见搏动性出血,再次用4枚钛夹夹闭出血部位,尼龙绳圈套钛夹及周围黏膜,反复冲洗观察无活动性出血后退镜(图2)。后患者仍有间断便血,并出现失血性休克症状,烦躁,血压70/40mmHg,心率133次/min,血红蛋白38g/L。

考虑患者仍有活动性出血,行急诊手术止血治疗。术中探查,十二指肠与空肠交界处见一约4 cm×4 cm大小肿块向肠外生长,包膜完整,与周围组织无粘连,质软;于肠壁上切除肿瘤,直线切割闭合器闭合肠壁缺口,浆肌层间断缝合(图3)。

术后给予抗感染、营养支持、纠正贫血、抑酸等对症治疗,患者病情好转,1周后出院。

术后病理:(空肠)肿瘤最大直径4.5 cm,核分裂象1/50HPF,病理分期:AJCC pT2Nx;免疫组化:CD117(+), CD34(+), Desmin(-), DOG-1(+), H-caldesmon局部(+), S-100(-), SDH-α(+), SDH-β(+), SMA(平滑肌) (-), Ki-67标志指数3%;支持胃肠道间质瘤(图4),WHO预后分组低度危险性。





肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GIST)是胃肠道间叶组织最常见的肿瘤,约占胃肠道肿瘤的2%。GIST可发生于整个消化道,也可发生在消化道外,如网膜和腹膜,消化道最常见的部位为胃(60%),其次是小肠(25%)和结直肠(10%),十二指肠间质瘤比较少见,占3%~5%。GIST起病隐匿,约70%患者无任何临床症状,临床表现无特异性,通常与肿瘤大小、部位及恶性程度有关,可表现为消化道出血、腹痛及肠梗阻。其中消化道出血最为常见,约占40%,可表现为无症状性反复黑便或消化道大出血,严重的、危及生命的大出血常需要急诊手术治疗。本例患者以消化道大出血为主要表现,起病急,出血量大,两次胃镜检查发现十二指肠水平部黏膜下血管喷射性出血,未发现溃疡及占位性病变,内镜下止血后患者仍有活动性出血,内镜止血效果不佳,应考虑到间质瘤出血的可能,尽早行手术治疗,发现出血原因。

GIST诊断主要依靠病理和免疫组化染色结果,其在光镜下主要是梭形细胞,具有多向分化特征,发病与体内存在c-kit角蛋白或血小板源性生长因子受体α基因突变有关。GIST免疫组化染色特征为CD117或CD34阳性,或二者同时阳性,2%~4%患者CD117染色阴性。Ki-67标志指数大于10%预示预后不良。普通内镜和消化道钡餐检查对腔外生长肿瘤诊断的帮助甚微。本例患者术后病理及免疫组化结果符合间质瘤诊断,但其肿瘤呈腔外生长,两次胃镜检查均未见黏膜隆起和占位病变,因此,该病例先入为主的消化道出血诊断掩盖了间质瘤的诊断。此外,腹部CT和MRI可以发现一定体积大小的间质瘤病灶,尤其是对腔外型GIST的检查明显优于内镜及消化道钡餐,可清晰地显示十二指肠形态,准确定位肿瘤位置及与肠壁的关系。本例患者以消化道大出血为主要表现,内镜下也发现明确的出血灶并进行积极内镜止血治疗,但忽视了对患者进行腹部CT检查。数字减影血管造影对消化道出血的GIST患者有较高的诊断价值,但是对出血速度小于0.5 mL/min或出血停止的患者阳性检出率低,也不能对病变做出定性诊断。因此,对怀疑GIST的患者,应根据情况选择联合应用上述检查,以提高对疾病的诊断率。对消化道大出血患者,内镜及药物止血无效的情况下可考虑GIST,或尽早行剖腹探查术。

GIST均有潜在恶性,其恶性程度的评估主要依靠肿瘤的位置、大小及核分裂象。GIST对常规放化疗均不敏感,因此,本病一经确诊,手术切除是首选的治疗方法。本例患者最终经过手术治疗后出血停止。

原始出处:

郭争荣, 范小军, 罗辉, 等. 十二指肠空肠交界区间质瘤致消化道大出血一例 [J] . 中华消化内镜杂志,2018,35( 11 ): 854-855. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-5232.2018.11.012

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    2019-01-22 cmsvly
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    2019-01-20 lietome2

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!

    0

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